Under KRS 502.040, which combination constitutes an exemption to liability?

• A. The defendant renounces before the crime occurs.
• B. The defendant’s conduct is incidental to the offense.
• C. The defendant’s conduct is incidental to the offense or the defendant voluntarily and completely renunciates before the crime occurs.
• D. The defendant’s conduct is identical to the offense.

Answer: (C)

The key idea here is that Kentucky recognizes an exemption from liability for someone who withdraws from a crime or whose involvement is not essential to the offense. Under KRS 502.040, you can be exempt if your conduct is incidental to the offense, or if you voluntarily and completely renounce the criminal purpose before the crime occurs and take steps to prevent it.

If your role is only incidental—meaning your conduct does not meaningfully aid, promote, or facilitate the offense—you’re not liable as a principal or accomplice in the same way. The better exemption, however, is renunciation: you actively withdraw your participation before the crime happens, and you do what you reasonably can to stop it. The renunciation must be voluntary and complete, not partial, and it must occur before the crime is attempted or committed.

So the combination that fits is having either conduct incidental to the offense or a voluntary and complete renunciation before the crime occurs. The emphasis is on pre-crime withdrawal and on conduct that does not meaningfully contribute to the offense.